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Hungarian Turanism ((ハンガリー語:Turánizmus or Turanizmus)) is a loosely defined and diverse phenomenon among the history of Hungarian ideas. It includes many different conceptions and served as a guiding principle for scientific theories and research, and for many political movements. It was most lively in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. Hungarian Turanism has been based on an ancient, and still living tradition (In this respect see the legend about Hunor and Magor (the mythical forefathers of the nation), or the legend about the Turul (a mythical bird of prey, and a frequently used heraldic beast). In Hungarian tradition the royal house of the Huns and subsequently Hungarians bears the name of the Turul clan (original Latin: genere Turul).) that places the Hungarians' ancestral homeland in Asia. Before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians were semi-nomadic〔GYÖRFFY György: István király és műve. 1983. Gondolat Könyvkiadó, Budapest, p. 252.〕 and their culture was similar to other steppe peoples. Most scientists presume a Uralic homeland for the ancient Hungarian conquerors (mainly on linguistic grounds, and on the basis of limited genetic research carried out on a very limited number of ancient skeletons found in graves from the age of the conquest〔KOVÁCSNÉ CSÁNYI Bernadett: Honfoglalás kori, valamint magyar és székely populációk apai ági genetikai kapcsolatrendszerének vizsgálata. http://www2.sci.u-szeged.hu/fokozatok/PDF/Kovacsne_Csanyi_Bernadett/tezisfuzet_magyar_csanyiB.pdf〕〔MENDE Balázs Gusztáv: Archeogenetika és a honfoglalás kor népességtörténete: új módszer – régi problémák. http://www.matud.iif.hu/08okt/03.html〕). The proto-Hungarian tribes lived in the Eurasian forest steppe zone,〔HAJDÚ Péter: Ancient culture of the Uralian peoples, Corvina, 1976, p. 134〕 and so these ancient ancestors of Hungarians and their relationship with other equestrian nomadic peoples has been and still is a topic for research.〔ZIMONYI István: A magyarság korai történetének sarokpontjai. Elméletek az újabb irodalom tükrében. 2012. http://real-d.mtak.hu/597/7/dc_500_12_doktori_mu.pdf〕 As a scientific movement, Turanism was concerned with research into Asian cultures in the context of Hungarian history and culture. It was embodied and represented by many scholars who had shared premises (i.e. the Asian origin of the Hungarians, and their kinship with Asian peoples), and who arrived at the same or very similar conclusions. Turanism was a driving force in the development of Hungarian social sciences, especially linguistics, archaeology and Orientalism. Political Turanism was born in the 19th century, in response to the growing influence of Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism, seen by Hungarians as very dangerous to the state and nation of Hungary, because the country had large ethnic German and Slavic populations.〔 This political ideology originated in the work of the Finnish nationalist and linguist Matthias Alexander Castrén, who championed the ideology of Pan-Turanism — the belief in the racial unity and future greatness of the Ural-Altaic peoples. He concluded that the Finns originated in Central Asia and far from being a small, isolated people, they were part of a larger community that included such peoples as the Magyars, the Turks, and the Mongols etc.〔EB on Matthias Alexander Castrén. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98799/Matthias-Alexander-Castren〕 Political Turanism was a romantic nationalist movement, which stressed the importance of common ancestry and cultural affinity between Hungarians and the peoples of the Caucasus and Inner and Central Asia, such as the Turks, Mongols, Parsi etc. It called for closer collaboration and political alliance between them and Hungary, as a means of securing and furthering shared interests and to counter the threats posed by the policies of the great powers of Europe. The idea for a "Turanian brotherhood and collaboration" was borrowed from the Pan-Slavic concept of "Slavic brotherhood and collaboration".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Search )〕 After the First World War, political Turanism played a role in the formation of Hungarian far-right ideologies because of its ethnic nationalist nature.〔Traian Sandu, (Vers un profil convergent des fascismes ?: "Nouveau consensus" et religion politique en Europe centrale ), Editions L'Harmattan,2010, p. 213〕〔"...In addition, as the cornerstone for racial nationalism, Hungarian "Turanism" came into being. This pseudoscientific ideology strove to prove the existence and superiority of a unified Hungarian "race" and therefore inevitably incorporated an anti-Jewish aspect." in: Zoltán VÁGI, László CSŐSZ, Gábor KÁDÁR: (''The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide.'' ) p.XXXIV.〕 It began to carry anti-Jewish sentiments and tried to show the "existence and superiority of a unified Hungarian race".〔 Nonetheless, Andrew C. Janos asserts that Turanism's role in the interwar development of far-right ideologies was negligible.〔"While Turanism was and remained little more than a fringe ideology of the Right, the second orientation of the national socialists, pan-Europaism, had a number of adherents, and was adopted as the platform of several national socialist groups." JANOS, Andrew C.: ''The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary'', 1825-1945. 1982. p.275.〕 In the communist era after the Second World War, Turanism was portrayed and vilified as an exclusively fascist ideology.〔"''Magyarországon az 1944-ben uralomra jutott Nemzetszocialista Párt több tételt átvett a turanizmus eszmeköréből, aminek következtében a turanizmus népszerűsége erősen lecsökkent, majd a szocializmusban „fasisztává” minősült.''"/"In Hungary the Nationsocialist Party which ascended to power in 1944, took over several theses from Turanism's range of ideas, and as a result the popularity of Turanism strongly dwindled, and then in the socialist era it was labelled as "fascist"."/ in: 〕 Since the fall of communism in 1989 there has been a renewal of interest in Turanism. ==Its roots, origins, and development== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hungarian Turanism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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